References

Welcome To Criminal Profiling Featuring Criminal Justice, Offender Profiling, Victimology, Serial Killers & Forensic Psychology News - Please login or register to comment

Identity theft protection - protect your family. Free 30 day trial with no risks. Trusted partner.

References News

The Aetiology of Serial Murder

Thursday 14 November 2002 in References 11 Comment(s)

The Aetiology of Serial Murder: Towards an Integrated Model Edward W. Mitchell MA MPHIL PhD, Phil. in Criminology 1996/97 : University of Cambridge, UK This document is no longer available on this site.

Assessing Violent Recidivism in Sexual Offenders

Monday 24 June 2002 in References 9 Comment(s)

References Annon, J. (undated). Factors associated with the prediction of possible violence. Unpublished manuscript. Boer, D. P., Wilson, R. J., Gauthier, C. M., & Hart, S. D. (1997). Assessing risk for sexual violence: Guidelines for clinical practice. In C. D. Webster & M. A. Jackson (Eds.), Impulsivity: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment () (pp. 326-342). New York: Guilford. Borum, R. (1996). Improving the clinical practice of violence risk assessment: Technology, guidelines, and training. American Psychologist, 51, 945-956. Doren, D. M. (1998). Recidivism base rates, predictions of sex offender recidivism, and the "sexual predator" commitment laws. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 97-114. Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989). Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science, 243, 1668-1674. Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1993). Statistical prediction versus clinical prediction: Improving what works. In G. Keren, & C. Lewis (Eds.), A Handbook for Data Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences: Methodological Issues () (pp. 351-367). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gordon, D. (1998, March). Keeping sex offenders off the streets. State Legislatures, pp. 32-33. Hanson, R. K. (1997). The development of a brief actuarial risk scale for sexual offense recidivism. Department of the Solicitor General of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, cat. No. JS4-1/1997-4E. (Available in the publications section of Hanson's home page, http://www.sgc.gc.ca/ehome.htm) Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1996). Predictors of sexual offender recidivism: A meta-analysis. Cat. No. JS4-1/1996-4E, Public Works and Government Services Canada. (Available in the publications section of Hanson's home page, http://www.sgc.gc.ca/ehome.htm) Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 348-362. Hare, R. D. (1991). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist — Revised. North Tonawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems, Inc. Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 25-54. Hare, R. D. (1998). Psychopaths and their nature: Implications for the mental health and criminal justice systems. In E. Simonson & T. Millon (Eds.), Psychopathy: Concept, Etiology, Epidemiology, and Treatment. New York: Guilford. Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1993). Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 315-335. Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (in press). Psychopathy: Assessment and association with criminal conduct. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. Maser (Ed.), Handbook of Antisocial Behavior (), New York: Wiley. Janus, E. S., & Meehl, P. E. (1997). Assessing the legal standard for predictions of dangerousness in sex offender commitment proceedings. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 33-64. Kansas v. Hendricks (1997). 95 1649 and 95 9075. Supreme Court of the United States. June 23, 1997. Minnesota Department of Corrections (1997, February). Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool (MnSOST). Author. Monahan, J. (1981). Predicting Violent Behavior: An Assessment of Clinical Techniques ()(). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Monahan, J. (1996). Violence prediction: the past twenty and the next twenty years. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 107-120. Monahan, J. (1995). Review of The Violence Prediction Scheme: Assessing Dangerousness in High-risk Men, by C. D. Webster, G. T. Harris, M. E. Rice, C. Cormier, & V. L. Quinsey. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 446-447. Prentky, R. A., Lee, A. F. S., Knight, R. A., & Cerce, D. (1997). Recidivism rates among child molesters and rapists: A methodological analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 635-659. Proulx, J., Pellerin, B., Paradis, Y., McKibben, A., Aubut, J., & Ouimet, M. (1997). Static and dynamic predictors of recidivism in sexual aggressors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 9(1), 7-27. Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1998). Violent Offenders: Appraising and Managing Risk (). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rice, M. E. (1997). Violent offender research and implications for the criminal justice system. American Psychologist, 52, 414-423. Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1997). Cross-validation and extension of the violence risk appraisal guide for child molesters and rapists. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 231-241. Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1996). A review and meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist and psychopathy checklist-revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203-215. Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence, Version 2. Burnaby, British Columbia: Simon Fraser University. Webster, C. D., Harris, G. T., Rice, M., Cormier, C., Quinsey, V. L. (1994). The Violence Prediction Scheme: Assessing Dangerousness in High Risk Men (). Toronto, Canada: Centre of Criminology, the University of Toronto.

Violence and Mental Illness

Sunday 17 February 2002 in References 4 Comment(s)

Bibliography (1) Volkow ND, Tancredi L: "Neural Substrates of Violent Behavior: A Preliminary Study with Positron Emission Tomography," British Journal of Psychiatry 151:668673, 1987 (2) Tardiff K, Sweillam A: Assault, Suicide and Mental Illness," Archives of General Psychiatry, 37:164169, 1980) (3) Krakowski M, Czobor P: "Clinical Symptoms, Neurological Impairment, and Predication of Violence in Psychiatric Patients," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:7, 1994 (4) Krakowski M, Convit A, Jaeger J, et al: "Neurological Impairment in Violent Schizophrenic Inpatients," American Journal of Psychiatry 146:849853, 1989 (5)Swanson JW, Holzer CE, Ganju VK, et al: "Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41:761770, 1990 (6) Mulvey, E: "Assessing the Evidence of A Link between Mental Illness and Violence," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:7, 1994 (7) Gelles R: "Violence in the Family: A Review of the Research," in Family Violence, Second Edition, London: Sage, 1987 (8) Estroff S, Zimmer C, Lachiocotte W, Benoit J: "The Influence of Social Networks and Social Support on Violence by Persons with Serious Mental Illness," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:7, 1994 (9) Tardiff K: "Characteristics of Assaultive Patients in Private Hospitals," American Journal of Psychiatry 141:12321235, 1984 (10) Torrey EF: "Violent Behavior by Individuals with Serious Mental Illness," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:7, 1994 Resources for further reading American Psychiatric Association: Statement on Prediction of Dangerousness, March 18, 1983. American Psychiatric Association Hospital and Community Psychiatry Service: Management of Violent Behavior: Collected Articles from Hospital and Community Psychiatry, Washington, DC: APA, 1990 Bednar R (et al): Psychotherapy with Highrisk Clients: Legal and Professional Standards, Pacific Grove, CA: Cole Publishing, 1991 Felthous A: The Psychotherapist's Duty to Warn or Protect, Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1989 National Mental Health Association, Aiding People in Conflict: A Manual for Law Enforcement, Alexandria, VA: NMHA, 1988 Pernanen K: Alcohol in Human Violence, New York: Guilford, 1991 Toch H: Violent Men: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Violence, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1992

Eyewitness Identification Procedures: Recommendations for Lineups and Photosprea

Monday 5 November 2001 in References 5 Comment(s)

American Law Institute (1975). A model code of pre-arraignment procedure. Washington, D.C.: American Law Institute. Borchard, E. (1932). Convicting the innocent: Errors of criminal justice. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Bothwell, R.K., Brigham, J.C., & Pigott, M.A. (1987). An exploratory study of personality differences in eyewitness memory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 335-343. Bothwell, R.K., Deffenbacher, K.A., & Brigham, J.C. (1987). Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 691-695. Brandon, R., & Davies, C. (1973). Wrongful imprisonment. London: Allen & Unwin. Brigham, J. C. (1988). Is witness confidence helpful in judging eyewitness accuracy? In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (Vol. 1, pp. 77-82). Chichester, England: Wiley. Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1983). The ability of prospective jurors to estimate the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 19-30. Brigham, J.C., & Brandt, C.C. (1992). Measuring lineup fairness: Mock witness responses versus direct evaluations of lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 475-489. Brigham, J.C., Ready, D.J., & Spier, S.A. (1990). Standards for evaluating the fairness of photograph lineups. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 149-163. Brigham, J. C., & Wolfskiel, (1983). Opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel on the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 337-349. Buckhout, R. (1975a). Reliability checklist for corporeal lineups. Social Action and the Law, 2, 1-8. Buckhout, R. & Friere, V. (1975). Suggestivity in lineups and photospreads: A casebook for lawyers. Center Monograph No. 5, Center for Responsive Psychology. Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, N.Y. Buckhout, R., Alper, A., Chern, S., Silverberg, G., & Slomovits, M. (1974). Determinants of eyewitness performance on a lineup. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 71-74. Buckhout, R. & Frier, V. (1975). Suggestivity in lineups and photospreads. Center for Responsive Psychology Monograph No. CR-5. New York: Brooklyn College C.U.N.Y. Ceci, S.J., Toglia, M.P., & Ross, D.F. (Eds.). (1987). Children's eyewitness memory. New York: Springer-Verlag. Christianson, S. A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309. Collins, R. (1989), October). Some considerations on suppression of identification evidence in Ohio. The Ohio Prosecutor, 50-53. Comment (1955). Possible procedural safeguards against mistaken identification by eye-witnesses. University of California at Los Angeles Law Review, 2, 552-XXX. Comment (1967). Right to counsel at police identification proceedings: A problem in effective implementation of an expanding constitution. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 29, 65-XX. Connors, E., Lundregan, T., Miller, N. & McEwan, T. (1996). Convicted by juries, exonerated by science: Case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. Alexandria, VA: National Institute of Justice. Cutler, B.L., Berman, G.L., Penrod, S. D. , & Fisher, R.P. (1994). Conceptual, practical, and empirical issues associated with eyewitness identification test media. In D.F. Ross, J.D Read, and M.P. Toglia (Eds.) Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1988). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 281-290. Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1989a). Forensically-relevant moderators of the relationship between eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 650-652. Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1989b). Moderators of the confidence-accuracy relation in face recognition: The role of information processing and base rates. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 3, 95-107. Cutler, B.L. & Penrod, S.D. (1995). Mistaken identification: The eyewitness, psychology, and law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cutler, B. R., Penrod, S. & Dexter, H. R. (1990). Juror sensitivity to eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 185-191. Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Martens, T.K. (1987a). The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 233-258. Cutler, B.R., Penrod, S., O'Rourke, T.E., & Martens, R.K. (1986). Unconfounding the effect of contextual cues on eyewitness identification accuracy. Social Behavior, 2, 113-134. Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Stuve, T.E. (1988). Jury decision making in eyewitness identification cases. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 41-56. Dawes, R.M. (1975). The mind, the model, and the task. In F. Restle, R.M. Shiffrin, N.J. Castellan, H.R. Lindman, & D. B. Pisoni (Eds.), Cognitive theory. (Vol.1). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Deffenbacher, K. (1980). Eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Can we infer anything about their relationship? Law and Human Behavior, 4, 243-260. Deffenbacher, K. & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Do jurors share a common understanding concerning eyewitness behavior? Law and Human Behavior, 6, 15-30. Dekle, D. J., Beale, C. R., Elliot, R., Huneycutt, D. (1996). Children as witnesses: A comparison of lineup versus showup methods. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 1-12. Devenport, J. L., Penrod, S. J., & Cutler, B. L. (1998). Eyewitness identification evidence: Evaluating commonsense evaluations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 338-361. Doob, A.N., & Kirshenbaum, H. (1973). Bias in police lineups -- partial remembering. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1, 287-293. Dunning, D. & Stern, L. B. (1994). Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate identifications via inquiries about decision processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 818-835. Ellison, K. & Buckhout, R. (1981). Psychology and criminal justice. New York: Harper & Row. Fanselow, M. S. & Buckhout, R. F. (1976). Nonverbal cueing as a source of biasing information in eyewitness identification testing. Center for Responsive Psychology Monograph No. CR-26. New York: Brooklyn College C.U.N.Y. Fleet, M. L., Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). The confidence-accuracy relationship: The effects of confidence assessment and choosing. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 171-187. Fischhoff, B. & Beyth-Marom, R. (1983). Hypothesis evaluation form a Bayesian perspective. Psychological Review, 90, 239-260. Fisher, R. P. (1995). Interviewing victims and witnesses of crime. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 732-764. Frank, J., & Frank, B. (1957). Not guilty. London: Gallanez. Gilbert v. California 388 U.S. 263 (1967). Gonzalez, R., Ellsworth, P., & Pembroke, M. (1994). Response biases in lineups and showups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 525-537. Harris, M.J. & Rosenthal, R. (1985). Mediation of interpersonal expectancy effects: 31 meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 363-386. Hastie, R., Landsman, R. & Loftus, E. F. (1978). Eyewitness testimony: The dangers of guessing. Jurimetrics Journal, 19, 1-8. Home Office (1976). Report to the Secretary of State for the Home Department of the Departmental Committee on Evidence of Identification in Criminal Cases. London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Home Office (1978). Identification parades and the use of photographs for identification. Home Office Circular No. 109. London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationery office. Hosch, H. (1994) Individual differences in personality and eyewitness identification. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.). Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 328-347). New York: Cambridge University Press. Huff, R., Rattner, A., & Sagarin, E. (1986). Guilty until proven innocent. Crime and Delinquency, 32, 518-544. Kassin, S.M. (1985). Eyewitness identification: Retrospective self awareness and the confidence-accuracy correlation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 878-893. Kassin, S. M., Ellsworth, P., & Smith, V. L. (1989). The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony. American Psychologist, 44, 1089-1098 Kassin, S.M., Rigby, S., & Castillo, S.R. (1991). The accuracy-confidence correlation in eyewitness testimony: Limits and extensions of the retrospective self-awareness effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 698-707. Kirby v. Illinois 406 U.S. 682 (1972). Klayman, J. & Ha, Y. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94, 211-228. Law Reform Commission of Canada (1983). Police guidelines: Pretrial eyewitness identification procedures. Ottawa, Canada: Law Reform Commission of Canada. Leippe, M.R. (1980). Effect of integrative memorial and cognitive processes on the correspondence of eyewitness accuracy and confidence. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 261-274. Leippe, M. R. (1995). The case for expert testimony about eyewitness memory. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 909-959. Leippe, M.R., & Romanczyk, A. (1987). Children on the witness stand: A communication/persuasion analysis of jurors' reactions to child witnesses. In S.J. Ceci, M.P. Toglia, & D.F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp.155-177). New York: Springer-Verlag. Leippe, M.R., & Romanczyk (1989). Reactions to child (versus adult) eyewitnesses: The influence of juror's preconceptions and witness behavior. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 103-132. Leippe, M.R., Manion, A.P., & Romanczyk, A. (1991). Eyewitness memory for a touching experience: Accuracy differences between adult and child witness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 367-379. Levi, A. (1997) Identification of the culprit in the real world: Implications for lineup design. Manuscript under review. Lindsay, D. S., & Read J. D. (1995). "Memory work" and Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Scientific evidence and public, Professional, and personal issues. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 846-909. Lindsay, R.C.L., Lea, J.A., & Fulford, J.A. (1991). Sequential lineup presentation: Technique matters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 741-745. Lindsay, R.C.L., Lea, J.A., Nosworthy, G.J., Fulford, J.A., Hector, J., LeVan, V., & Seabrook, C. (1991). Biased lineups: Sequential presentation reduces the problem. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 796-802. Lindsay, R. C. L, Martin, R. & Webber, L. (1994). Default values in eyewitness descriptions: A problem for the match-to-description lineup foil selection strategy. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 527-541. Lindsay, R. C. L., Pozzulo, J., Craig, W., Lee, K, and Corber, S. (in press). Simultaneous lineups, sequential lineups, and showups: Eyewitness identification decisions of adults and children. Law and Human Behavior, ... Lindsay, R. C. L., Wallbridge, H, & Drennan, D. (1987). Do clothes make the man? An exploration of the effect of lineup attire on eyewitness identification accuracy. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 19, 463-478. Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1980). What price justice? Exploring the relationship between lineup fairness and identification accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 303-314. Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving eyewitness identification from lineups: Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 556-564. Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & O'Connor, F. (1989). Mock juror belief of accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses: A replication. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 333-340. Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & Rumpel, C. (1981). Can people detect eyewitness identification accuracy within and between situations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 79-89. Loftus, E.F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Loftus, E.F., & Ketcham, K. (1991). Witness for the defense. New York: St. Martin's Press. Loftus, E. F., & Ketcham, K. (1994). The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. New York: St. Martin's Press. Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1991). Eyewitness identification and the selection of distracters for lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 43-57. Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1994). The malleability of eyewitness confidence: Co-witness and perseverance effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 714-724. Malpass, R.S. (1981). Effective size and defendant bias in eyewitness identification lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 299-309. Malpass, R.S., & Devine, P.G. (1981). Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 482-489. Malpass, R.S., & Devine, P.G. (1983). Measuring the fairness of eyewitness identification lineups. In S.M.A. Lloyd-Bostock & B.R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence, (pp.81-102). London: Wiley. Manson v. Braithwaite 432 U. S. 98 (1977). McConkey, K. M. & Roche, S. M. (1989). Knowledge of eyewitness memory. Australian Psychologist, 24, 377-384. Navon, D. (1990). How critical is the accuracy of eyewitness memory? Another look at the issue of lineup diagnosticity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 506-510. Neil v. Biggers 409 U.S. 188 (1972). New Hampshire v. McKenney, Superior Court, Stafford, SS, Dover, NH. (1975). Nosworthy, G.J. & Lindsay, R.C.L. (1990). Does nominal lineup size matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 358-361. Noon, E. & Holin, C. R. (1987). Lay knowledge of eyewitness behaviour: A British survey. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1, 143-153. Note (1970). Protections of the accused at police lineups. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 6, 345-XXX. Parker, J.F., & Caranza, L.E. (1989). Eyewitness testimony of children in target-present and target-absent lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 133-149. Parker, J.F., & Haverfield, E., & Baker-Thomas, S. (1986). Eyewitness testimony of children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 287-302. Parker, J. F. & Ryan, v. (1993). An attempt to reduce guessing behavior in children’s and adult’s eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 11-26. Penrod, S.D., Fulero, S.M., & Cutler, B.L. (1995). Expert psychological testimony on eyewitness reliability before and after Daubert: The state of the law and the science. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 13, 29-259. Penrod, S. D., Loftus, E. F., & Winkler, J. (1982). The reliability of eyewitness testimony: A psychological perspective. In N. Kerr & R. Bray (Eds.), The psychology of the courtroom (pp. 119-168). New York: Academic Press. Pigott, M.A., & Brigham, J.C. (1985). Relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 547-555. Pigott, M.A., Brigham, J.C., & Bothwell, R.K. (1990). A field study on the relationship between quality of eyewitnesses' descriptions and identification accuracy. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 17, 84-88. Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. New York: McGraw-Hill. "Procedure for Line-Up Identification" (1967). American Criminal Law Quarterly, 6, 93-95. Project on Law Enforcement Policy and Rulemaking (1974). Model rules: Eyewitness identification, revised draft. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. Rahaim, G. L., & Brodsky, S. L. (1982). Empirical evidence versus common sense: Juror and lawyer knowledge of eyewitness accuracy. Law and Psychology Review, 7, 1-15. Rattner, A. (1988). Convicted but innocent: Wrongful conviction and the criminal justice system. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 283-293. Read, J. D., Vokey, J. R., & Hammersley, R. (1990). Changing photos of faces: Effects of exposure duration and photo similarity on recognition and the accuracy-confidence relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 870-882. Read, F. (1969). Lawyers at lineups: Constitutional necessity or avoidable extravagance? University of California at Los Angeles Law Review, 17, 339-XXX. Rosenthal, R. (1976). Experimenter effects in behavioral research. New York: Irvington Press. Rosenthal, R, & Rosnow, R. L. (1984). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 385, 88 S. Ct. 967, 971, 1968. Snyder, M. (1984). When belief creates reality. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25). New York: Academic Press. Snyder, M. & Cantor, N. (1979). Testing hypotheses about other people: The use of historical knowledge. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 330-342. Sporer, M. (1983). Allgemeinwissen zur psychologie der zeugenausage. [Common understanding concerning eyewitness testimony.] In H. J. Kerner, H. Kury, & K. Sessar (Eds.), Deutsche forschungen zur kriminalitaetsentstehung und kriminalitaetskontrolle (pp. 1191-1234). Koeln, Germany: Heymanns. Sporer, S. L. (1992). Post-dicting eyewitness accuracy: Confidence, decision times and person descriptions of choosers and non-choosers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 157-180. Sporer, S. L. (1993). Eyewitness identification accuracy, confidence, and decision times in simultaneous and sequential lineups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,22-33. Sporer, S.L. (1994). Decision times and eyewitness identification accuracy in simultaneous and sequential lineups. In D.F. Ross, J.D Read, and M.P. Toglia (Eds.) Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sporer, S., Penrod, S., Read, D. & Cutler, B. L. (1995). Gaining confidence in confidence: A new meta-analysis on the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification. Unpublished paper, Aberdeen University. Steblay (1997). Social influence in eyewitness recall: A meta-analytic review of lineup instruction effects. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 283-298. Stinson, V., Devenport, J.L., Cutler, B.L., & Kravitz, D.A. (1996). How effective is the presence-of counsel-safeguard? Attorney perceptions of suggestiveness, fairness and correctability of biased lineup procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology 81, 64-75. Stinson, V., Devenport, J.L., Cutler, B.L., & Kravitz, D.A. (1997). How effective is the motion-to-suppress safeguard? Judges’ perceptions of suggestiveness and fairness of biased lineup procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology 82, 211-220. Stovall v. Denno. 388 U. S. 293 (1967). Turtle, J. W., & Wells, G. L. (1988). Children versus adults as eyewitnesses: Whose testimony holds up under cross examination? In M. W. Gruneberg et al. Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 27-33). New York: Wiley. Turtle, J. W. & Yuille, J, C. (1994). Lost but not forgotten details: Repeated eyewitness recall leads to reminiscence but not hypermnesia. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 260-271. U.S. v. Ash 413 U.S. 300 (1973). U.S. v. Wade 388 U. S. 218 (1967). Wagenaar, W.A. and Veefkind, N. (1992). Comparison of one-person and many-person lineups: A warning against unsafe practices. In F. Losel, D. Bender, & T. Bliesner (Eds.), Psychology and law: International perspectives (pp. 275-285). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Wason, P. C., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1972). Psychology of reasoning:Structure and content. London: Batsford. Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546-1557. Wells, G. L. (1984a). How adequate is human intuition for judging eyewitness testimony? In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wells, G. L. (1984b). The psychology of lineup identifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 89-103. Wells, G. L. (1985). Verbal descriptions of faces from memory: Are they diagnostic of identification accuracy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 619-626. Wells, G. (1988). Eyewitness identification: A system handbook. Toronto, Canada: Carswell. Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553-571. Wells, G. L. (1995) Scientific study of witness memory: Implications for public and legal policy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 1, 726-731. Wells, G. L. (1997). Eyewitness identification. In D. L. Faigman, D. Kaye, M.J. Saks, & J. Sanders (Eds.) Scientific evidence reference manual. Minneapolis: West Publishing. Wells, G. L., & Bradfield, A. L. (1998). "Good, you identified the suspect": Feedback to eyewitnesses distorts their reports of the witnessing experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, ... Wells, G. L. & Bradfield, A. L. (1999). Distortions in eyewitnesses' recollections: Can the postidentification feedback effect be moderated? Psychological Science, in press. Wells, G. L., Ferguson, T. J., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1981). The tractability of eyewitness confidence and its implication for triers of fact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 688-696. Wells, G. L., Leippe, M. R., & Ostrom, T. M. (1979). Guidelines for empirically assessing the fairness of a lineup. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 285-293. Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1980). On estimating the diagnosticity of eyewitness nonidentifications. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 776-784. Wells, G. L., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Ferguson, T. J. (1979). Accuracy, confidence, and juror perceptions in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 440-448. Wells, G. L., & Luus, E. (1990a). Police lineups as experiments: Social methodology as a framework for properly-conducted lineups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 106117. Wells, G. L., & Luus, C. A. E. (1990b). The diagnosticity of a lineup should not be confused with the diagnostic value of non-lineup evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 511-516. Wells, G. L., & Murray, D. M. (1983). What can psychology say about the Neil vs. Biggers criteria for judging eyewitness identification accuracy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 347-362. Wells, G. L., & Murray, D. (1984). Eyewitness confidence. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives, pp. 155-170. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wells, G. L., Rydell, S. M., & Seelau, E. P. (1993). On the selection of distractors for eyewitness lineups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 835-844. Wells, G. L., Seelau, E., Rydell, S., & Luus, C. A. E. (1994). Recommendations for conducting lineups. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments, pp. 223-244. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wells, G. L., & Turtle, J. W. (1986). Eyewitness identification: The importance of lineup models. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 320-329. Wogalter, M. S., Malpass, R. S., & Berger, M. A. (1993). How police officers construct lineups: A national survey. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 37, 640-644. Yarmey, A.D., & Jones, H.P.T. (1983). Is the psychology of eyewitness identification a matter of common sense? In S. Lloyd-Bostock & B.R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence (pp.13-40). Chichester, England: Wiley. Yarmey, A. D., Yarmey, M. J., & Yarmey, A. L. (1996). Accuracy of eyewitness identifications in showups and lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 459-477. Author Note Gary L. Wells, Department of Psychology; Mark Small, Department of Psychology; Steven Penrod, Department of Psychology; Roy S. Malpass, Department of Psychology; Solomon M. Fulero, Department of Psychology; C. A. E. Brimacombe, Department of Psychology. The following persons have contributed comments through one or more of the authors that have helped shape this article: Amy L. Bradfield, John C. Brigham, Brian L. Cutler, Graham M. Davies, James M. Doyle, David Dunning, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Ron P. Fisher, Harmon M. Hosch, Saul M. Kassin, Michael R. Leippe, A. M. Levi, D. S. Lindsay, R. C. L. Lindsay, Elizabeth F. Loftus, Charlotte Page, Janet F. Parker, Melissa A. Pigott, J. Don Read, Eric P. Seelau, Sheila M. Seelau, John S. Shaw, Sigfried L. Sporer, Nancy M. Steblay, John W. Turtle, Paul D. Windschitl, A. Dan Yarmey. Initial drafts of this article were presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association (August 1997, Chicago) and at the biennial meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society (March 1998, Redondo Beach, CA). Correspondence concerning this article can be addressed to any of the authors: Gary L. Wells, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, glwells@iastate.edu; Mark Small, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, small@siu.edu; Steven Penrod, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, spenrod@unlinfo.unl.edu; Roy S. Malpass, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, rmalpass@utep.edu; Solomon M. Fulero, Department of Psychology, Sinclair College, Dayton, Ohio 45402, sfulero@sinclair.edu; C. A. E. Brimacombe, University of Victoria, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B. C. Canada V8W 3P5, spam@uvic.ca. Footnotes 1 Richard L. Wiener is Chair of the Scientific Review Paper Committee of the American Psychology-Law Society. 2 For the purposes of this review and these recommendations, no distinction is made between live lineups and photospreads unless otherwise noted.

Can Criminal Psychopaths be Identified?

Wednesday 31 October 2001 in References 5 Comment(s)

Cleckley, H. (1982). The Mask of Sanity (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Hare, R.D. (1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111-119. Hare, R.D. (1985). Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 7-16. Hare, R.D. & McPherson, L.M. (1984). Violent and aggressive behaviour by criminal psychopaths. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 35-50. Hare, R.D., McPherson, L.M., & Forth, A. (1988). Male psychopaths and their criminal careers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 710-714. Harpur, T.J., Hakstian, A.R., & Hare, R.D. (1988). Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 741-747. Hart, S.D., Kropp, P.R. & Hare, R.D. (1988). Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 227-232. Ogloff, J.R.P., Wong, S. & Greenwood, A. (1988). Treating psychopaths. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, in press. Serin, R. C., Peters, R. De V & Barbaree, H. E. (1989). Psychopathy and release outcome: Implications for clinicians and decision makers. Manuscript in preparation. Wong, S. (1984). The criminal and institutional behaviour of psychopaths. User Report, Programs Branch, Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada.

References - Profiling: A Hidden Challenge to the Regulation of Data Surveillanc

Friday 19 October 2001 in References 1 Comment(s)

Reference List for "Profiling: A Hidden Challenge to the Regulation of Data Surveillance" (Topic : Offender Profiling)

Bennett C. (1992) 'Regulating Privacy: Data Protection and Public Policy in Europe and the United States' Cornell University Press, New York, 1992

Bennett C. (1993) 'The Public Surveillance of Personal Data: Comparative Responses and Policy Options' Working Paper, Department of Political Science, Uni. of British Columbia (August 1993)

Burns R.E., Samarajiva R. & Mukherjee R. (1992) 'Utility Customer Information: Privacy and Competitive Implications' NRRI 92-11 (Sept 1992) National Regulatory Rsearch Institute, 92-11, (September 1992)

Clarke R.A. (1988) 'Information Technology and Dataveillance' Comm. ACM 31,5 (May 1988) Re-published in C. Dunlop and R. Kling (Eds.), 'Controversies in Computing', Academic Press, 1991

Clarke R.A. (1992) 'Computer Matching: A Normative Regulatory Framework' Working Paper, Dept of Commerce, Australian National Uni. (August 1992)

Clarke R.A. (1993) 'Cost/Benefit Analysis as a Control Over Privacy-Intrusive Data Processing: Experience in the Computer Matching Area' Working Paper, Dept of Commerce, Australian National Uni. (110 pp.) (August 1993)

DOF (1991) 'Handbook of Cost-Benefit Analysis' Clth Dept Finance, Canberra, 1993

DOF (1993) 'Value for Your IT Dollar: Guidelines for Cost-Benefit Analysis of Information Technology Proposals' Commonwealth Department of Finance, Canberra (August 1993)

EC (1992) 'Amended Proposal for a Council Directive on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data' Council of the European Communities, Brussels, October 15, 1992, document COM(92) 422 Final - SYN 287, reproduced in Transnational Data and Communications Report (Nov/Dec 1992)

Flaherty D.H. (1989) 'Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies' Uni. of North Carolina Press, 1989

Gandy O.H. (1993) 'The Panoptic Sort. Critical Studies in Communication and in the Cultural Industries' Westview, Boulder CO, 1993

Gramlich E.M. (1981) 'Benefit-Cost Analysis of Government Programs' Prentice-Hall 1981

Kling R. (1978) 'Automated Welfare Client-Tracking and Service Integration: The Political Economy of Computing' Commun. ACM 21,6 (June 1978) 484-493

Larsen E. (1992) 'The Naked Consumer: How Our Private Lives Become Public Commodities' Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1992

Laudon K.C. (1986) 'Dossier Society: Value Choices in the Design of National Information Systems' Columbia U.P., 1986

McManus T.E. (1990) 'Telephone Transaction-Generated Information: Rights and Restrictions' Program on Information Resources Policy, Harv. Uni., Cambridge, 1990

Madsen W. (1992) 'Handbook of Personal Data Protection' MacMillan, London, 1992

Marx G.T. & Reichman N. (1984) 'Routinising the Discovery of Secrets' Am. Behav. Scientist 27,4 (Mar/Apr 1984) 423-452

Mukherjee R. & Samarajiva R. (1993) 'The transaction web' Media Information Australia, 1993

Novek E., Sinha N. & Gandy O. (1990) 'The Value of Your Name' Media, Culture & Society 12 (1990) 525-543

OECD (1980) 'Guidelines for the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data' Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1980

OTA (1985) 'Federal Government Information Technology: Electronic Surveillance and Civil Liberties' OTA-CIT-293, U.S. Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, Oct 1985

OTA (1986) 'Federal Government Information Technology: Electronic Record Systems and Individual Privacy' OTA-CIT-296, U.S. Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, Jun 1986

Packard V. (1957) 'The Hidden Persuaders' Penguin, London, 1957

PCIE (1981) 'Inventory of Federal Computer Applications to Prevent/Detect Fraud, Waste and Mismanagement' U.S. Dept. of Labor, undated, c. 1981?

Rule J.B. (1974) 'Private Lives and Public Surveillance: Social Control in the Computer Age' Schocken Books, 1974

Rule J.B., McAdam D., Stearns L. & Uglow D. (1980) 'The Politics of Privacy' New American Library, 1980

Sassone P.G. & Schaffer W.A. (1978) 'Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Handbook' Academic Press, 1978

Smith R.E.(Ed.) (1974-) 'Privacy Journal' monthly since November 1974

Stevenson J. (1986) 'The Next Direct Marketing' Direct Marketing (October 1986)

Stevenson J. (1987) 'The History and Family Tree of 'Databased' Direct Marketing' Direct Marketing (December 1987)

Thompson M. (1980) 'Benefit-Cost Analysis for Program Evaluation' Sage, 1980

Thursday 3 May 2001 in References 1 Comment(s)

As I made note earlier this week. Whilst struggling with complete 'conformity' to academic standards, I am still very much aware of plagarism and the distatesful idea of stealing someones work and sweat. Though I am not as meticulous with 'reference keeping' as I would like to be, I am trying to keep them as up to date and as legible as possible. References used in the process of writing any article will be found here. I would appreciate the same curtesty in return for anyone posting work that requires a bibliography.....post the work in the appropriate section and the bibliography here. One writer may build on one bibliography the same as I will do which is as follows: All references, regardless of what the article topic. The references are listed with their corresponding 'inner article' numbers. If any of the subjects in the essays take your fancy, well here's where you follow them up. Toodles!